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mystery dog illness
June 18, 2024
vetscan.petDog Health

Mystery Dog Illness: Expert Tips for Diagnosis and Care

Veterinarians and pet owners have seen an increase in the number of unexplained mystery dog Illnesses in recent years. These mysterious health problems can have concerning symptoms that are frequently challenging to identify and address. It is imperative that dog owners remain up to date on the most recent advancements in canine health as we approach 2024, including the symptoms, preventative measures, and available treatments for these confusing ailments. This blog explores the subject of mystery dog Illness and offers a thorough how-to guide for identifying symptoms, taking preventative action, and looking for efficient remedies to protect our pets. Pet owners can better protect their dogs against these new health risks by being informed and proactive.

The Mystery Dog Illness

“Mystery dog illness” describes medical disorders in dogs that are difficult to diagnose or link to well-known illnesses. These conditions frequently exhibit a wide range of unclear symptoms, making it difficult for veterinarians and pet owners to make a correct diagnosis.

In 2024, there has been a discernible surge in the number of reports from different places regarding unexplained ailments that impact canines. Veterinarians find it challenging to make firm diagnoses because these reports frequently include a variety of symptoms that may not correspond with a single, well-known illness.

Typical Symptoms

mystery dog illness

Mystery canine illnesses can present with a wide range of symptoms but frequently include:

  • Continuous sluggishness
  • Unexpected weight reduction
  • Digestive problems, such as diarrhea or vomiting
  • Respiratory issues
  • Anomalies of the skin
  • Elevated body temperature or fever
  • Modifications in behavior

Examples and Case Studies

Numerous case studies have demonstrated how puzzling these disorders can be. For example, several dogs in a particular region may have similar symptoms, prompting focused examinations but ambiguous results. Treatment in these circumstances is frequently based on trial and error and entails a great deal of testing.

The Difficulty of Diagnosis

mystery illness 2

In order to diagnose a mystery canine ailment, a number of procedures, such as blood testing, imaging, and biopsies, must be performed to rule out known disorders. For the dog and its owner, this procedure may be drawn out and distressing. The intricacy stems from the symptoms sharing characteristics with several possible diseases, necessitating a broad consideration set for veterinarians.

For dog owners, understanding these strange circumstances is essential for both dog owners and veterinary specialists, since it establishes the foundation for efficient management and therapeutic approaches. The veterinary community is making progress in recognizing and combating these mysterious health concerns via awareness and teamwork.

Symptoms

Early detection of the telltale signs and symptoms of a mystery dog illness can be essential to prompt and successful treatment. Diagnosing these disorders can be difficult because they frequently have a wide range of symptoms that occasionally coincide with other prevalent health problems. Dog disease symptoms and indicators to look out for are as follows:

  • Persistent Lethargy: An obvious drop in energy, an unwillingness to play, and extended sleep durations. Dogs may appear disinterested in past hobbies and may like lying down more frequently.
  • Unexplained Weight Loss: Notable weight loss without dietary or exercise modifications. There is a discernible loss of muscular mass, visible thinning, and projecting bones.
  • Digestive Problems: Vomiting, whether it’s periodic or frequent, vomiting might contain bile or blood occasionally. Watery or loose feces that frequently have an odd smell or appearance. A decrease in appetite or an increase in hunger without accompanying weight gain.
  • Description of Respiratory Issues: Prolonged coughing, wheezing, or nasal discharge; difficulty breathing. The dog may avoid physical exertion and breathe rapidly or laboriously.
  • Aberrant Skin Conditions: Skin redness or rashes that are not explained. Open wounds or wounds that take a long time to heal. A general thinning of the coat or patches of missing fur.
  • Fever or Fluctuating Body Temperature: High body temperature or readings that are not consistent. The dog can tremble, feel particularly warm to the touch, or look obviously unhappy.
  • Behavioral Shifts: Signs of dog sickness like deviations from normal behavior, like heightened anxiety, anger, or withdrawal. The dog can exhibit signs of distress, hide more frequently, or get angrier.
  • Symptoms of Neurology: Dog health issues like unexpected convulsions or seizures are called seizures. Disorientation might manifest as confusion, trouble walking, or clumsiness. Abrupt shifts in smell, sight, or hearing.

Prevention Methods

Pet owners can lower their dog’s risk of developing mystery dog illnesses by taking a few preventive steps, even though many conditions can be difficult to forecast and diagnose. These techniques concentrate on preserving general health, strengthening the immune system, establishing a clean and safe atmosphere and preventing dog illness

  • Regular veterinary check-ups for thorough health assessments.Current immunizations, early identification of possible health problems, and expert guidance on preserving your dog’s health.
  • Make sure your dog eats a healthy, well-balanced food full of vital nutrients. Use fresh, clean water, and don’t give your dog stale or dubious-looking food.
  • For dog illness prevention and to guard against common infections, stay up to date on your vaccines.
  • Consistent application of prophylactic medications to manage parasites that harbor pathogens.
  • Regular washing and brushing to get rid of allergies, parasites, and grime.
  • To avoid the growth of bacteria and viruses, keep your living spaces, toys, and beds clean.
  • Exercise on a regular basis to maintain your dog’s physical and mental health.
  • To keep your dog occupied and relieve tension, provide toys, puzzles, and opportunities for social connection.
  • Keep a regular eye out for any changes in your dog’s eating, temperament, or physical attributes.
  • Rather than waiting for symptoms to get worse, seek veterinary guidance as soon as there is any indication of sickness.
  • Minimize your interactions with wild or stray animals that could be disease carriers.
  • When traveling or in new places, especially, keep your dog in confined spaces.
  • After speaking with your veterinarian, think about taking vitamins, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids as supplements.
  • Reduce stress by creating a peaceful atmosphere, a consistent schedule, and positive reinforcement.
  • You may drastically lower the likelihood that your dog will become ill with an unknown illness by incorporating these preventative techniques into your daily regimen. 
  • Proactive actions can ultimately save time, money, and emotional suffering since prevention is always preferable to treatment.
  • Keeping abreast with the most recent developments in dog health Emerging diseases and health trends are important. 
  • You may stay alert and organized by becoming involved in your local pet health forums, following reliable pet health sites, and interacting with your veterinary community.
  • It’s important to treat your dog’s health and well-being holistically in order to prevent mystery dog illnesses. 
  • A proactive health strategy should include regular veterinary care, a balanced diet, a clean environment, and close monitoring. 

Treatment Options

When your dog has an unexplained disease, you need to follow a thorough treatment strategy. Treating canine diseases for these disorders typically consists of a combination of supportive care and standard veterinary therapy because they can be difficult to identify and frequently present with a wide range of symptoms. These are the primary methods of treatment for the mystery dog illness.

  • A veterinarian will do a comprehensive physical examination.
  • Urinalysis, X-rays, ultrasounds, blood tests, and other diagnostic procedures to determine possible reasons.
  • It may occasionally be required to send a patient to a veterinary expert, such as an internal medicine specialist, dermatologist, or neurologist.
  • Giving fluids intravenously or subcutaneously to keep a dog from becoming dehydrated, particularly if it is throwing up or has diarrhea.
  • High-quality, readily digestible food is necessary for nutritional support.
  • Establishing a relaxing and stress-free atmosphere to promote healing.
  • Modifying a diet to meet certain health requirements, maybe requirements, perhaps adding foods that are hypoallergenic or on a specific diet.
  • To help maintain gut health, particularly in cases where the sickness impacts the digestive system.
  • Maintaining a thorough journal of symptoms, Veterinary care for dogs, alterations in behavior, and reactions to medication to be shared with the veterinarian.

Importance of dog health in 2024

In 2024, it will be more crucial than ever to stay knowledgeable about dog health for a number of reasons.

  • Emerging diseases: Since veterinary medicine is always changing, Mystery dog illnesses or variations of old ones may appear. Keeping up to date enables you to identify any risks and take protective action.
  • Treatment advancements: New methods of diagnosis and treatment are constantly being created. If your dog does become ill, being aware of these breakthroughs can increase the likelihood of a full recovery.
  • Nutrition and diet: There is a lot of research being done on canine nutrition, and different breeds, ages, and activity levels will require different diets. By being knowledgeable, you can make sure your dog is receiving the proper nutrition to stay healthy.
  • Breed-specific issues: Certain breeds are more likely to experience particular health issues. Being conscious of these issues enables prompt detection and intervention.

Conclusion

Understanding mystery dog illness is essential to your pet’s health and well-being. It provides you with the information required for early identification, efficient treatment, and preventive care, all of which improve your dog’s health in the long run. By keeping yourself educated, you may better care for your pet and enhance their quality of life by being ready to tackle unforeseen health difficulties.

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Why Choose Vetscan Diagnostics ?

Expertise You Can Trust

Our veterinary laboratory team comprises experienced veterinary professionals specializing in biochemistry, microbiology, hematology, and histopathology.

Cutting-Edge Technology

We invest in state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, ensuring precision and efficiency in our tests. With the latest advancements at our disposal, we deliver timely and reliable results.

Early Detection, Lifelong Protection

Early detection is key to preventive pet care. Our comprehensive range of tests, from biochemistry to histopathology, is designed to catch potential health issues in their early stages.

Compassionate and Seamless Experience

Beyond expertise and technology, we pride ourselves on delivering a compassionate and seamless experience.

LEARN MORE
dog skin conditions
May 28, 2024
vetscan.petDog Health

From Flaky to Fantastic: Understanding and Treating Dog Skin Conditions

Dogs’ general health is strongly correlated with dog skin conditions. Beyond just covering the body, the skin, which is the largest organ in a dog, performs a number of vital tasks. Here’s why it’s so important for your pet to have good skin:

  • The skin serves as a barrier to keep out environmental dangers including viruses, germs, and parasites. Infections and other external dangers are kept out of the body by healthy skin.
  • Dogs’ skin helps control body temperature through sweat glands and blood vessels, keeping them warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
  • Dogs can interact with their surroundings and react to changes in their environment because their skin is rich in nerve endings and is extremely sensitive to touch, temperature, and pain. environment and react to alterations or threats.
  • The state of a dog’s skin and hair frequently reflects their general health. Problems including allergies, malnutrition, or hormone imbalances may be the cause of symptoms like dryness, itching, or hair loss.
  • By limiting excessive moisture loss, the skin aids in maintaining appropriate levels of hydration. This is essential to maintaining the skin’s suppleness and optimal function.
  • The immune system’s first line of defence against infections is the skin, which is an essential component of it. Skin that is in good health can fend off infections and heal from wounds faster.
  • The comfort and well-being of a dog are enhanced by having healthy skin. dog skin conditions such as rashes, blisters, and itching may experience extreme discomfort, stress, and behavioural abnormalities.

Common Dog Skin Conditions

dog skin conditions

Skin disorders in dogs are prevalent and can vary from minor irritants to serious illnesses. Comprehending these ailments is vital for efficacious mitigation and remediation. 

Allergy

  • Symptoms: Itching, redness, swelling, and rashes are the symptoms.
  • Causes: Food allergies, contact with specific materials, and environmental allergens (dust mites, pollen).
  • Treatment: Corticosteroids, antihistamines, hypoallergenic diets, and avoiding allergens are the methods of treatment.

Dermatitis

  • Symptoms: Itching, redness, inflammation, and occasionally subsequent infections are the symptoms.
  • Causes: Allergens found in the environment can cause atopic dermatitis.
  • Treatment: Medication, topical therapies, and recognising and avoiding triggers are the methods of treatment.

Bacterial Infections

  • Symptoms: Symptoms include crusts, itching, redness, and pus-filled sores.
  • Causes: Cuts, scrapes, and insect bites are common causes of bacterial infections.
  • Treatment: Topical and antibiotic Antibiotics and topical antiseptics are used as treatment.

Fungal Infections

  • Symptoms: Symptoms include scaly skin, redness, and circular areas of hair loss.
  • Causes: Fungal infections in dogs are caused by various types of fungi that can affect different parts of the body, including the skin, ears, and internal organs.
  • Treatment: Shampoos and antifungal drugs are the course of treatment.

Parasites

  • Symptoms: Itching, redness, and maybe allergic reactions are caused by fleas and ticks.
  • Causes: Dogs can be affected by various types of parasites, each with its own mode of transmission and life cycle. 
  • Treatment: Treatment options include flea and tick deterrents and topical or oral insecticides.

Dandruff (seborrhea)

  • Symptoms: Symptoms include a dry or greasy coat, flaky skin, and occasionally an offensive smell.
  • Causes: Causes include inadequate nutrition, underlying illnesses, allergies, and hormone abnormalities.
  • Treatments: Treatments include medicated shampoos, routine grooming, and taking care of any underlying medical conditions.

Methods of Treatment:

dog skin conditions
  • Drugs like corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, and antihistamines are prescribed based on types of dog skin conditions.
  • Topical treatments include lotions, sprays, and shampoos that are intended to calm and repair the skin.
  • Dietary adjustments include omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and hypoallergenic diets.
  • Preventive care includes regular brushing, using insecticides to keep fleas and ticks away, and keeping your surroundings tidy.

Causes of Skin Problems in Dogs

Effective prevention and treatment of dog skin conditions depend on an understanding of the underlying causes of these issues. The following are the main causes of skin problems in dogs.

  • Environmental Allergies: Dog skin allergies like atopic dermatitis, which causes itching, redness, and inflammation, can be brought on by pollens, dust mites, mould, and other environmental allergens.
  • Dietary Allergies: Some dogs experience skin issues as a result of allergic reactions to certain dietary items, such as wheat, dairy, poultry, or beef.
  • Touch Allergies: Localised skin reactions can result from direct touch with irritants such as particular shampoos, cleaning supplies, plants, or textiles.
  • Fleas: Dogs who are bitten by fleas frequently experience allergic reactions and itching, which can result in flea allergy dermatitis.
  • Ticks: Bites from ticks can irritate skin, trigger allergic reactions, and spread diseases that spread illnesses that harm the skin and general health.
  • Mites: Sarcoptic and demodectic mange, which can result in extreme itching, hair loss, and skin infections, are caused by mites.
  • Lice: Although they are less frequent, lice can itch and hurt dogs.
  • Bacterial Infections: Dogs frequently contract staphylococcal (Staph) infections, which frequently develop as a side effect of other skin disorders and cause pustules, redness, and itching.
  • Fungal Infections: Circular patches of hair loss, redness, and scaling are symptoms of ringworm, a highly contagious fungal infection.
  • Yeast Infections: Typically affecting the ears and skin folds, yeast infections, which are frequently brought on by Malassezia, result in greasy, itchy skin with a peculiar odour.
  • Hypothyroidism: Hair loss, dry skin, and recurring infections can result from underactive thyroid glands.
  • Cushing’s disease: Excessive cortisol production results in hair loss, thinning skin, and heightened vulnerability to infections.
  • Bad Nutrition: Deficient intake of vital nutrients like as vitamins, minerals, or necessary fatty acids can cause a dull coat and dry, flaking skin.
  • Food Sensitivities: Some dogs may be allergic to specific food ingredients, which can lead to long-term skin issues.
  • Heatwaves: Severe heatwaves or cold snaps can cause the skin to become parched, causing rashes and discomfort.
  • Skin irritation: Skin irritation and the worsening of pre-existing conditions can result from exposure to chemicals and pollutants.
  • Skin disorders: Skin disorders are more common in some breeds than others. For instance, skin fold infections are common in Bulldogs and Shar-Peis, whereas allergies are common in Retrievers.
  • Skin diseases: Certain skin disorders are Certain skin diseases, including ichthyosis, which results in dry, scaly skin, are inherited.
  • Stress: Anxiety and stress can cause excessive chewing, licking, and scratching, which can result in secondary infections and self-inflicted skin damage.
  • Lack of grooming: If your dog does not receive regular baths, debris, oils, and allergies may accumulate and cause skin issues.
  • Harsh grooming products: Using harsh or unsuitable grooming products could aggravate skin and trigger allergic responses.

Treating Dog Skin Conditions

Treating dog skin diseases effectively entails addressing the underlying cause, relieving symptoms, and putting prevention measures in place. The following are some crucial methods for addressing typical canine skin problems:

  • Make an appointment with a veterinarian to ensure a complete assessment and precise diagnosis of dog skin conditions.
  • To determine the precise ailment and source of dog skin conditions, tests such as skin scrapings, blood tests, allergy testing, biopsies, and cultures may be performed.
  • Prescribed to treat bacterial illnesses are antibiotics. In order to avoid resistance, make sure the entire route is finished.
  • Available as oral drugs or topical therapies, these are used to treat fungal and yeast infections. Assist in lowering allergic responses and itching responses of dog skin conditions. Due to adverse effects, these medications should only be used temporarily. They have anti-inflammatory effects for severe allergies or dermatitis.
  • Shampoos with substances like miconazole, ketoconazole, or chlorhexidine can be used to relieve skin irritation, dog skin conditions and treat infections.
  • Affected regions can be treated directly with hydrocortisone creams, antifungal ointments, and antibiotic creams.
  • To promote general health, eliminate suspected food allergies and offer a balanced diet.
  • Fish oil supplements contain omega-3 fatty acids, which are known to lower inflammation and enhance skin health.
  • Oral pills, medicated baths, or dips to get rid of mites and treat mange are prescribed.
  • Use the right shampoos and conditioners to keep your skin clear of allergens and clean. Distributes natural oils and aids in removing loose fur, grime, and debris.
  • Especially in breeds where ear issues are common, clean ears on a regular basis to avoid infections.
  • To lessen exposure to allergies and parasites, regularly clean your carpets, bedding, and living rooms.
  • In arid locations or throughout the winter, using a humidifier can help keep skin hydrated.
  • To lessen licking and scratching brought on by stress, create a serene and enriching environment.

Conclusion

Preventing dog skin conditions and guaranteeing your pet has a happy, healthy life depend on maintaining the health of your dog’s skin through appropriate diet, routine grooming, and prompt medical care.

It’s essential to comprehend and identify dog skin infections in order to provide prompt and efficient care. A balanced diet, proper grooming techniques, and routine veterinary examinations are some of the essential canine skin care routine that needs to be followed. Early detection of skin diseases in dogs can result in faster healing and faster treatment of pet skin health.Dog grooming tips helps in monitoring dog skin conditions that will safeguard the overall health of the dog. 

faq

Why Choose Vetscan Diagnostics ?

Expertise You Can Trust

Our veterinary laboratory team comprises experienced veterinary professionals specializing in biochemistry, microbiology, hematology, and histopathology.

Cutting-Edge Technology

We invest in state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, ensuring precision and efficiency in our tests. With the latest advancements at our disposal, we deliver timely and reliable results.

Early Detection, Lifelong Protection

Early detection is key to preventive pet care. Our comprehensive range of tests, from biochemistry to histopathology, is designed to catch potential health issues in their early stages.

Compassionate and Seamless Experience

Beyond expertise and technology, we pride ourselves on delivering a compassionate and seamless experience.

LEARN MORE
Symptoms of Ear Infections in Dogs
May 14, 2024
vetscan.petDog Health

Unraveling the Mystery: Causes and Symptoms of Ear Infections in Dogs

It’s important to keep dogs’ ears healthy for a number of reasons. First of all, a dog’s ears are extremely sensitive and essential to their whole sensory experience, helping in hearing and balance. Symptoms of ear Infections in dogs might be due to various causes. Dogs need healthy hearing in order to respond to sounds and navigate their surroundings, which is crucial for their safety and socialisation with other people.

Moreover, dogs may experience severe pain and discomfort from ear infections and other ear-related conditions. If left untreated, symptoms of ear infections in dogs including itching, redness, swelling, and discharge can worsen their health and negatively impact their quality of life. Damage to the ear structures or hearing loss may arise from persistent ear infections.

Symptoms of ear infections in dogs can be avoided by regularly cleaning and inspecting your ears to prevent infections. By keeping their dog’s ears clean and clear of debris, pet owners can lower their dog’s chance of developing bacterial, yeast, and mite infections. Early symptoms of ear Infections in dogs enable timely treatment, which can ensure a speedier recovery and stop the illness and diseases from getting worse.

Understanding Ear Infections in Dogs

Symptoms of Ear Infections in Dogs

Otitis, the medical term for canine ear infections, is an inflammation or infection that can affect various areas of the dog’s ear. Usually, these infections are classified according to the area of the ear that is impacted:

  • Otitis externa: Otitis externa, the most prevalent kind of ear infection in dogs, is inflammation of the external ear canal.
  • Otitis Media: Middle ear infection, frequently brought on by a serious or untreated external ear infection.
  • Otitis interna: An inner ear infection that typically develops from otitis media. It can impair a dog’s hearing and balance.

Numerous things, such as bacteria, yeast, ear mites, dampness, allergies, foreign objects, or underlying medical disorders, can result in dog ear problems and ear infections. Common symptoms of ear infections in dogs include head shaking, redness, swelling, itching in the ears, and a foul smell. discharge, swollenness, and bad smell. To avoid complications of dog ear infection symptoms and maintain the health of a dog’s ears and general well-being, early diagnosis and treatment are essential.

Causes of Ear Infections in Dogs

Otitis, or dog ear infections, can be brought on by a number of different things. For prevention to be effective and for therapy to be effective, these reasons must be understood. The following are the main reasons:

  • Common Pathogens for Bacterial Infections: Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus bacteria are common offenders. Manifestations include redness, swelling, discharge, and bad smell.
  • Infections with Yeast: A common yeast that does well in damp conditions is called Malassezia. Itching, a musty odour, and a brown or black discharge are the symptoms of ear infections in dogs.
  • Parasitic Infestation of Ear Mites: Dog ear canals can become infected with microscopic parasites such as Otodectes cynotis. Symptoms of ear infections in dogs include head shaking, severe itching, and a crumbly, black discharge that looks like coffee grounds.
  • Moisture Bathing or Swimming: An environment that is too wet in the ear canal is conducive to infection. Symptoms resemble those of yeast and bacteria.
  • Food Allergies: Dog ear infections might be caused by certain ingredients in their food.
  • Environmental Allergies: Inflammation and secondary infections can be brought on by mould, dust mites, and pollen. Redness, drainage, and persistent ear scratching are the symptoms of ear infections in dogs. 
  • Debris: The ear canal may become irritated by grass seeds, dirt, or other foreign items. Symptoms include pawing at the ear, sudden head shaking, and localised discomfort.
  • Corresponding Medical Disorders:  Recurrent ear infections can result from low thyroid hormone levels. Immune system disorders may put dogs at risk for ear infections.
  • Breed-Specific Features of Ear Anatomy: Ear infections are more common in dogs with tiny ear canals (such as Shar-Peis, or Cocker Spaniels and Basset Hounds). Depending on the infection, but usually involve discharge, edoema, and redness.

Symptoms of Ear Infections in Dogs

Early intervention and treatment of dog ear infections depend heavily on the ability to recognise their signs. These are typical indicators to look out for:

  • Scratching and Pawing at the Affected Ear: Irritated and uncomfortable dogs frequently scratch or paw at the affected ear. Excessive scratching, which may occasionally result in infections or additional injuries.
  • Head Shaking or Tilting Behaviour: To ease discomfort, people frequently shake their heads or tilt them to one side. Constant head movements, particularly right after waking up or when engaged in activity, are an indicator.
  • Redness and Swelling Visual Symptoms: Inflammation on the outside of the ear or inside the ear canal. Red, swollen, and sensitive spots surrounding the ear are symptoms of ear infections in dogs.
  • Odour Smell: A pungent, disagreeable odour emanating from the ear. Overgrowth of bacteria or yeast is typically the cause of odour.
  • Flow Appearance: A brown, yellow, or black fluid flow is frequently indicative of an infection. Wetness or crusty material around the ear canal are indicator.
  • Ear Sensitivity Reaction: When their ears are touched, dogs may whimper, yap, or retreat. Feeling pain or discomfort when you touch your ear are the symptoms of ear infections in dogs.
  • Loss of equilibrium Behaviour: Uncoordinated movements or trouble keeping your equilibrium. Signs and symptoms include walking in circles, stumbling, and falling, especially when inner ear infections are present.
  • Observation of Hearing Loss: Diminished reaction to noises or instructions.Signs include not returning calls and becoming easily alarmed by loud noises.
  • Overproduction of Ear Wax: Increased ear wax production, frequently thick and black. Signs include higher than normal ear wax levels and occasionally blocked ear canals.
  • Modifications in Behaviour: Elevated irritation brought on by continuous discomfort, apathy or sadness. Behaviour changes, such as a decline in play or social contact, are indicators.

Diagnosing Ear Infections in Dogs

Treating canine ear issues effectively requires an accurate diagnosis. This is a general overview of the diagnostic procedure:

1. Veterinarian examination

 The veterinarian will inquire about the dog’s past medical history, current activities, and symptoms that the owner has noticed. A complete physical examination that includes a look into the ear for any indications of redness, swelling, discharge, or odour.

2. Otoscopy Procedure:

The veterinarian looks deeply into the ear canal using an otoscope. The goal is to visually examine the eardrum and canal for symptoms of infection, foreign substances, or inflammation.

3. Physiology

 A cotton swab is used to collect an ear discharge sample. A microscope is used to look at the material in order to find any bacteria, yeast, mites, or other recognised pathogens. Helps identify the precise source of the illness so that a focused therapy can be implemented.

4. Culture and Sensitivity Test Procedure:

A sample is cultivated to determine the precise type of bacteria present if an infection with bacteria is suspected. Identifies the antibiotics that work best against the germs that have been detected. Guarantees that the infection will be effectively treated with the antibiotic that has been given.

5. Allergy Testing Procedure:

If allergies are thought to be the root cause of recurring ear infections, this procedure is followed. The goal is to identify particular allergens so the dog can stay away from them and properly control allergy reactions.

6. Imaging studies:

MRIs, CT scans, and X-rays are examples of advanced imaging procedures.

7. Autopsy

An examination and a tiny sample of ear tissue are obtained. If the illness is persistent or resistant to therapy, rule out malignancy or other serious disorders.

Treatment Options for Dog Ear Infections

Symptoms of Ear Infections in Dogs

Dog ear infections are treated with a mix of drugs, hygiene practices, and occasionally lifestyle changes. The typical treatment options are as follows:

  • Prescription drugs: Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These can apply topically or orally. Antifungals are usually used as topical ointments or drops, these medicines treat yeast infections. Anti-inflammatory medications assist in lowering pain and swelling. Steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are two examples of this. Antibiotics, antifungals, and anti-inflammatory drugs are combined in ear drops to directly treat and calm the ear canal.
  • Cleaning Ears: A veterinarian’s initial thorough cleaning to get rid of discharge, wax, and debris. Using veterinarian-approved ear cleaning products, clean ears on a regular basis as directed by your veterinarian.
  • Nutrition and Additives: Adopting a hypoallergenic diet may be advised if food allergies are suspected. Probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids can help maintain the general health of your skin and ears.
  • Handling Contextual Factors: Using antihistamines or other allergy drugs, as well as recognising and avoiding allergens, is allergy management. Taking the right medicine for disorders like hypothyroidism can lower the risk of recurrent infections.
  • Surgical Procedure: Surgical methods such as Total Ear Canal Ablation (TECA) might be required for persistent or severe infections that don’t improve with conventional therapies. Surgery to remove growths that can be the source of recurring infections is known as polyp or tumour removal.
  • Preventive Actions: A regular check for infection symptoms in the ears. To avoid moisture accumulation, completely dry ears after taking a bath or swimming. These are necessary to detect any early indications of ear issues.

Conclusion

it is critical to give dog ear health first priority for their comfort, sensory abilities, and general health. Maintaining a dog’s health mostly involves giving regular attention to its ears and seeking medical care as soon as any symptoms of ear infections in dogs arise.

Early detection and treatment of ear infections in dogs can be facilitated by keeping an eye out for these symptoms. It’s critical to contact a veterinarian right away if you observe any of these symptoms. Your dog’s recuperation can be accelerated and complications can be avoided with early management. Preventing ear infections also requires regular ear care and hygiene.

faq

Why Choose Vetscan Diagnostics ?

Expertise You Can Trust

Our veterinary laboratory team comprises experienced veterinary professionals specializing in biochemistry, microbiology, hematology, and histopathology.

Cutting-Edge Technology

We invest in state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, ensuring precision and efficiency in our tests. With the latest advancements at our disposal, we deliver timely and reliable results.

Early Detection, Lifelong Protection

Early detection is key to preventive pet care. Our comprehensive range of tests, from biochemistry to histopathology, is designed to catch potential health issues in their early stages.

Compassionate and Seamless Experience

Beyond expertise and technology, we pride ourselves on delivering a compassionate and seamless experience.

LEARN MORE
types of dog diseases
April 26, 2024
vetscan.petDog Health

Navigating Canine Wellness: Identifying and Understanding Types of Dog Diseases

For a number of reasons, educating dog owners about types of dog diseases is important for promoting early detection and better treatment results.

By teaching pet owners about the telltale indicators of different types of dog diseases, their pets’ health may be monitored more closely. Early detection enables timely intervention, such as making an appointment for a veterinary examination and diagnosis.

Overview of canine health

dog diseases types 1

Frequent check-ups with the veterinarian foster a relationship of trust between the owner, the dog, and the veterinarian. In addition to ensuring continuity of care, recognising dog ailments and encouraging proactive management of the pet care and well-being, this partnership also fosters open communication.

The foundation of responsible pet ownership is routine veterinary examinations, which offer vital preventive care, early health issue diagnosis, and individualised advice to support dogs in leading long, healthy, and happy lives.

Types of Dog Diseases

Dog diseases come in a wide range of forms and can impact dogs of all ages, sizes, and breeds. The following are common canine illnesses categories:

Infectious Diseases:

These are brought on by pathogens, which include parasites, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. As examples, consider:

  • Parvovirus
  • Dog distemper
  • Coughing of Kennel
  • Leptospirosis
  • Dog flu
  • Canine infectious hepatitis

Diseases caused by Parasites:

 Dogs can contract parasitic diseases due to a variety of parasite infections, such as:

  • Heartworm infection
  • Infestations of fleas
  • Tick-borne illnesses (such as Ehrlichiosis and Lyme disease)
  • Intestinal parasites, such as tapeworms, roundworms, and hookworms

Genetic and Hereditary Conditions:

These are hereditary disorders that might impact specific bloodlines or breeds. As example

  • Hip dysplasia
  • Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)
  • Degenerative Myelopathy
  • Von Willebrand disease (bleeding disorder)
  • Hereditary Cataracts

Disorders Related to Nutrition:

These arise from inadequacies or nutritional disorders: Caused by inadequacies or mismatches in the dog’s food, these include:

  • Obesity
  • Malnutrition
  • Food allergies or intolerances
  • Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., vitamin or mineral deficiencies)

Metabolic Diseases:

These refer to irregularities in the metabolism of dogs and can impact many organ systems, including:

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
  • Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)

Canine Autoimmune Diseases:

 Arise when the immune system unintentionally targets its own tissues. As examples, consider:

  • Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
  • Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis

Cancer

Different cancers can strike different organs and tissues in dogs. Typical kinds include:

  • Lymphoma
  • Mast cell tumors
  • Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
  • Hemangiosarcoma
  • Mammary gland tumors

Neurological Disorders:

These disorders cause symptoms related to anomalies in the neural system of dogs. As examples, consider:

  • Epilepsy
  • Degenerative myelopathy
  • Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
  • Seizure disorders

It’s critical for pet owners to comprehend the various types of dog diseases in order to identify possible health problems, seek veterinarian care as soon as possible, and take preventative action to safeguard the health and well-being of their dogs. Dogs can have happy and long lives and reduce their risk of numerous diseases with regular veterinary checkups, preventive care, and smart lifestyle choices.

Recognizing Symptoms

It’s critical to identify symptoms of dog diseases in order to provide early identification and timely veterinarian care. The following are typical indicators that a dog may not be feeling well:

  • Appetite Changes: Sudden increases in hunger or a loss in appetite may be signs of underlying medical conditions.
  • Lethargy: Being overly exhausted or reluctant to participate in daily tasks could be signs of disease or discomfort.
  • Diarrhoea and Vomiting: Prolonged diarrhoea or vomiting may be a sign of nutritional difficulties, infections, or digestive disorders.
  • Coughing or Breathing Problems: Prolonged coughing, wheezing, or breathing difficulties could indicate heart problems, respiratory infections, or other respiratory disorders.
  • Excessive Thirst or urine: Diabetes, renal disease, or hormonal abnormalities can all be indicated by increased thirst and urine.
  • Walking with difficulty or limping: A lack of mobility, stiffness, or willingness to bear unwillingness to support weight on a leg could be a sign of musculoskeletal problems such joint illness, arthritis, or trauma.
  • Skin and Coat Changes: Allergies, skin infections, or parasite infestations may be indicated by hair loss, itching, redness, or skin sores.
  • Changes in Urine or Stool: Urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal disorders, or other problems may be indicated by blood in the urine or stool, changes in urine colour or frequency, or straining to urinate or defecate.
  • Behavioural Changes: Abnormal behaviours that could point to pain, discomfort, or underlying medical issues include hostility, anxiety, excessive vocalisation, and withdrawal.
  • Weight Changes: Abrupt weight loss or gain without diet or activity modifications may be a sign of hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, or underlying medical conditions.
  • Eye/Ear Discharge: Expulsion from the eyes or auditory organs, squinting, redness, or swelling could be signs of an infection, an allergy, or other issues with the ears and eyes.
  • Bad Odours: Distasteful smells coming from the mouth, ears, skin, or anal region could be a sign of dental problems, ear, skin, or anal gland infections.

Prevention

dog diseases type 2
  • Frequent Veterinary Checkups: Veterinary care for dogs to keep an eye on your dog’s health, give immunisations, and go over preventive care options.
  • Immunisations: Ensure that your dog has received all necessary immunisations to guard against different types of dog diseases such as rabies, parvovirus, distemper, and kennel cough.
  • Control of Parasites: Treat your dog with preventative drugs to shield him from different types of dog diseases such as intestinal parasites, heartworms, fleas, and ticks. Throughout the year, apply flea and tick deterrent, and make sure your dog is following your veterinarian’s suggested heartworm prevention plan.
  • Nutrient rich food : A nutritient rich food  and well-balanced meal should be given to your dog based on his or her age, breed, size, and activity level. Steer clear of overindulging in food and treats, as well as keeping an eye on your dog’s weight to avoid obesity.
  • Frequent Exercise: To help your dog stay in a healthy weight range and avoid different types of dog diseases  encourage both physical and mental activity, and avoid behavioural issues, make sure your dog gets regular exercise.
  • Dental Care: As advised by your veterinarian, schedule routine professional dental cleanings, give your dog dental chews or toys, and brush their teeth frequently.
  • Environmental Safety: Make sure your dog’s surroundings are safe by eliminating any possible risks, including poisonous plants, chemicals, and small items that could be ingested to prevent canine health problems and different types of dog diseases. 
  • Stress management: Involves reducing the amount of stressors in your dog’s surroundings and offering mental stimulation through playtime, training, and interactive toys, among other enrichment activities.

Treatment

  • Consultation with a veterinarian: If you observe any symptoms of illness, problems in dog health conditions or pain consult tour veterinarian and conduct a comprehensive examination, provide a diagnosis, and suggest the best course of action.
  • Medication: Adhere to your veterinarian’s advice regarding the administration, dose, and course of therapy for medications. Even if your dog’s symptoms become better, make sure to finish the entire course of treatment and provide the meds as directed.
  • Dietary Management: Adhere to your veterinarian’s dietary advice, which may include providing a particular diet for dogs with food allergies, digestive problems, or requirements for weight control.
  • Physical Therapy: Understanding pet sickness and to enhance comfort, strength, and mobility in dogs with musculoskeletal disorders or injuries, physical therapy, exercise, and rehabilitation methods may be suggested.
  • Surgical Intervention: To treat certain health conditions, such as injuries, in some circumstances, surgical therapy may be required.diseases, tumours, or birth defects. Talk to your veterinarian about surgery alternatives and results.
  • Changes in Lifestyle: In order to meet your dog’s health demands, make the required changes to their lifestyle. For example, provide your arthritis-affected dog a pleasant setting, or alter their activity regimen if they have cardiac or lung issues.

Importance of Regular Wellness Checks

Dogs need routine wellness examinations to stay healthy, dog illness prevention and happy throughout their lives. This is the reason they matter:

  • Wellness checkups on a regular basis enable veterinarians to see possible health issues early on, frequently even before symptoms are noticeable to pet owners. 
  • Prompt intervention and treatment are made possible by early detection, which increases the likelihood of positive results and may even prevent more significant health issues.
  • Based on types of dog diseases Immunisations, parasite management, and dental treatment are examples of preventive procedures that are included in wellness checks. 
  • Taking into account the dog’s age, breed, lifestyle, and medical history, veterinarians offer tailored health advice.These suggestions could be for specific health screenings or diagnostic tests, food advice, exercise guidelines, or preventive actions.
  • During wellness checks, specific illness prevention techniques are discussed in light of the needs of each dog. Depending on the dog’s risk factors and lifestyle, these may include suggestions for vaccination schedules, heartworm prevention, and flea and tick prevention.
  • Frequent wellness examinations are crucial for keeping an eye on dogs with long-term health issues including diabetes, kidney disease, or arthritis.

Conclusion

It’s critical for dog owners to keep a careful eye on any changes in their dog’s behaviour, appetite, or outward appearance and to seek veterinarian attention as soon as any alarming signs develop. For the dog’s health and well-being, early detection and treatment of different types of dog diseases can help avoid complications and provide the best possible result. The key to preserving a dog’s health and wellbeing is both prevention and treatment. 

Pet owners may help ensure that their dogs have healthy, happy, and fulfilled lives by emphasising prevention through routine veterinarian care, vaccinations, parasite control, nutrition, and exercise, as well as by seeking timely treatment when necessary.

faq

Why Choose Vetscan Diagnostics ?

Expertise You Can Trust

Our veterinary laboratory team comprises experienced veterinary professionals specializing in biochemistry, microbiology, hematology, and histopathology.

Cutting-Edge Technology

We invest in state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, ensuring precision and efficiency in our tests. With the latest advancements at our disposal, we deliver timely and reliable results.

Early Detection, Lifelong Protection

Early detection is key to preventive pet care. Our comprehensive range of tests, from biochemistry to histopathology, is designed to catch potential health issues in their early stages.

Compassionate and Seamless Experience

Beyond expertise and technology, we pride ourselves on delivering a compassionate and seamless experience.

LEARN MORE
rabies disease
April 20, 2024
vetscan.petDog Health

Understanding the Deadly Rabies Disease – An ultimate guide

The virus that causes rabies disease damages the central nervous system and inflames the brain. Animal bites or scratches are the most typical ways that the disease is spread through the saliva of infected animals. Though any creature has the capacity to carry and spread the disease, dogs, bats, raccoons, and foxes are among the primary targets of the virus.

The rabies virus goes to the brain by nerve fibres after entering the body. There may not be any noticeable symptoms during the weeks to months-long incubation phase. However, the illness is nearly invariably lethal once symptoms appear.

Rabies disease symptoms usually appear gradually, beginning with flu-like symptoms like fever, headache, and weakness. Confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and paralysis are among the rabies symptoms that surface. Hydrophobia, an unreasonable fear of water brought on by difficulties swallowing and throat muscle spasms, is a common sign of rabies disease.

Tens of thousands of deaths worldwide are attributed to rabies disease each year, especially in areas with inadequate access to post-exposure treatment. Rabies disease is a public health concern. A key element of attempts to prevent rabies is the vaccination of domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, as well as wildlife management initiatives.

When given before the development of symptoms, prompt medical treatment and the delivery of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which consists of rabies vaccination and, in certain situations, rabies immunoglobulin, can effectively treat rabies and prevent its beginning.

Reducing the prevalence of this fatal rabies disease requires educating the public about the dangers of rabies, responsible pet care, and how to properly care for wounds from animal interactions. Through knowledge of the disease’s symptoms, prevention, and mode of transmission, people can take preventative action to shield themselves and their communities from this deadly illness.

Causes and Transmission

rabies disease

The main way that rabies disease is transmitted is by the saliva of animals that are infected, usually by bites or scratches. Usually, the rabies virus spreads through open wounds or mucous membranes, like those in the mouth, nose, or eyes, where infected saliva gets into the body. For the purpose of controlling exposure and avoiding transmission, it is essential to comprehend how rabies spreads.

  • Animal Bite: Animal bites from infected animals are the most prevalent way that rabies disease is spread. The virus in an infected animal’s saliva enters the wound when it bites a human or another animal. Any bite from an animal that might be rabid should be handled carefully, and medical assistance should be sought right away. With an animal’s saliva that has been contaminated. The virus may be able to enter the body through even small incisions. Any wounds from animal bites or scratches must be properly cleaned and disinfected.
  • Mucous Membrane touch: If saliva from an infected animal comes into touch with mucous membranes, such as those in the mouth, nose, or eyes, rabies can enter the body through those sites. This can happen if someone touches their face after coming into contact with an infected animal or if saliva gets in their lips or eyes.
  • Transplantation of Infected Organs: In incredibly rare instances, organ transplants from rabies-infected donors have resulted in the spread of rabies disease. Although there are strict screening practices in place to reduce this danger, it is still a possible means of transmission.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The central nervous system is impacted by the gradual and frequently lethal viral illness known as rabies disease. Effective treatment and illness preventive measures depends heavily on early detection and timely medical intervention. Recognising rabies treatment requires an understanding of the disease’s signs and symptoms.

1. Initial Symptoms:

Flu-like Symptoms: The fever, headache, and overall malaise that are common to the flu can also be the earliest signs of rabies. Days to weeks after being exposed to the virus, these symptoms could start to show up. Itching, tingling, or soreness at the bite site may be experienced by certain people who have been exposed to the rabies virus.

2. The prodromal stage

  • Neurological symptoms: As the virus spreads throughout the body, symptoms related to the nervous system start to appear. These could comprise agitation, confusion, worry, and irritability. Additionally, hypersensitivity to touch, sound, and light may occur in patients.
  • Hydrophobia: An extreme fear of water is known as hydrophobia, and it is one of the main signs of rabies. This is because the throat muscles spasm, making swallowing difficult. Attempts to consume water may cause patients to become agitated or panicky.

3. Phase of Acute Neurology:

  • Paralysis: When the infection progresses to the brain and spinal cord, it can cause paralysis. It usually starts with the mouth and throat muscles, which makes it hard to eat and drool.
  • Respiratory Failure: If left untreated, rabies disease can cause respiratory failure due to the virus’s impact on the nerves that regulate breathing, which can lead to death.

Diagnosis of Rabies disease

  • Clinical Evaluation: comprehensive clinical assessment that takes into account the patient’s medical history, symptoms, and possible exposure to the rabies virus.
  • Laboratory Tests: To identify the presence of the rabies virus in samples of saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, or brain tissue, laboratory tests such as the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral culture, and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test may be performed.
  • Post-mortem Analysis: Brain tissue is examined post-mortem to confirm the diagnosis of rabies in cases where the disease is suspected but not confirmed before death.

Treatment and Management

rabies disease

Once symptoms show, rabies is a deadly virus that attacks the central nervous system and almost always results in death. Therefore, the main goals of treatment are to delay the onset of symptoms and control the possibility of contracting the virus using a regimen called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

1. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):

  • Quick Wound Care: To lower the chance of infection, it’s critical to treat the wound thoroughly and promptly with soap and water after being bitten or scratched by a possibly rabid animal. Applying antiseptics like chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine can help reduce the virus load even more.
  • Rabies Vaccination: After receiving wound treatment, people who have been exposed to the rabies virus are given many doses of immunisations. The conventional course of treatment is many injections of the rabies vaccination, usually given into the deltoid.
  • Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG): Immunoglobulin may also be given in certain situations, especially those involving severe or high-risk exposures. RIG neutralises the virus at the exposure site to produce prompt passive immunity.
  • Prompt Administration: After being exposed to the rabies virus, PEP should be started as soon as feasible. The likelihood of experiencing signs of rabies increases with treatment delays.

2. Assistance with Care:

  • Symptomatic Treatment: There are few alternatives for treating rabies after symptoms start to show up, hence the main goals of management are to ease symptoms and offer palliative care. Prescription drugs may be used to treat agitation, anxiety, and pain.
  • Hydration and Nutrition: Patients suffering from rabies should make sure they are getting enough nutrition and fluids, as paralysis and trouble swallowing can make it difficult for them to eat or drink. feeding tubes and intravenous fluids may be essential for sustaining nourishment and hydration.
  • Respiratory Support: As the illness worsens, paralysis of the breathing muscles may result in respiratory failure. In extreme circumstances, mechanical ventilation can be necessary to maintain respiratory function.

3. Experimental Medical Interventions:

New Treatments: Despite the historically dismal prognosis for rabies, scientists are now investigating new therapy modalities in preclinical and clinical trials, including as immunomodulatory medicines and antiviral medications. But as of yet, no particular antiviral therapy for rabies has been shown to work in people.

4. Hospice Care:

End-of-Life Care: Patients with symptomatic rabies have a very dismal prognosis; their death usually happens days or weeks after the onset of symptoms. Palliative care is centred on giving patients and their families the most comfort and dignity possible and respect for patients as well as their families throughout this trying period.

Prevention Strategies

  • A mix of immunisation campaigns, ethical pet ownership, public awareness campaigns, and efficient wildlife management is needed to prevent rabies. Communities can reduce the possibility of rabies transmission and safeguard both human and animal populations by putting thorough preventive measures into place.
  • The mainstay of rabies prevention is the vaccination of domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, and cattle. Frequent vaccination lowers the risk of rabies transmission within communities and aids in the maintenance of herd immunity.
  • Rabies vaccination for pets is required by law in several regions. Usually, owners are expected to make sure that their pets have their rabies vaccinations on schedule and to maintain current immunisation records.
  • Public education initiatives work to increase knowledge of the signs, symptoms, and preventative measures of rabies. These campaigns could make use of social media and other communication platforms, organise community events, and distribute educational materials.
  • Including rabies education in the curriculum guarantees that students are taught about the dangers of rabies and how to protect themselves and their pets.
  • Veterinarians are essential in informing pet owners about the value of rabies vaccinations and conscientious pet ownership.

Myths and Misconceptions

Serious viral infections like rabies carry substantial dangers to the health of both people and animals. Regrettably, there are many falsehoods and myths regarding rabies, which cause needless anxiety and confusion. Dispelling these widespread rumours is crucial to advancing truthful information and successful rabies prevention initiatives.

Myth 1: Only dogs can spread rabies.

Fact: Although dogs serve as the main host for rabies in many regions of the world, other mammals such as foxes, raccoons, bats, and skunks can also spread the disease. Via bites or scratches, rabid animals has the ability to spread the illness.

Myth 2: Rabies always results in death right away.

Fact: Although rabies is a lethal illness, death is not necessarily the immediate result. The successful treatment of rabies can be delayed if post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is delivered before symptoms appear. PEP consists of rabies vaccination and, in certain situations, rabies immunoglobulin.

Myth 3: Rabies-affected animals never behave aggressively.

Fact: Although violent conduct can be a sign of rabies, Not every animal with rabies exhibits this behaviour. While some animals may show other neurological symptoms like paralysis or trouble walking, others may just seem abnormally tame or lethargic. Regardless of how they behave, you should never approach or handle any wild or unknown animals.

Conclusion

Even though there aren’t many choices for treating rabies disease once symptoms appear, immunising both humans and animals against the virus and administering PEP as soon as possible after possible exposure to the virus is still the most effective way to avoid the disease. Raising public awareness, encouraging ethical pet ownership, and managing wildlife are essential elements of global rabies control initiatives.

faq

Why Choose Vetscan Diagnostics ?

Expertise You Can Trust

Our veterinary laboratory team comprises experienced veterinary professionals specializing in biochemistry, microbiology, hematology, and histopathology.

Cutting-Edge Technology

We invest in state-of-the-art diagnostic technology, ensuring precision and efficiency in our tests. With the latest advancements at our disposal, we deliver timely and reliable results.

Early Detection, Lifelong Protection

Early detection is key to preventive pet care. Our comprehensive range of tests, from biochemistry to histopathology, is designed to catch potential health issues in their early stages.

Compassionate and Seamless Experience

Beyond expertise and technology, we pride ourselves on delivering a compassionate and seamless experience.

LEARN MORE